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A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson
10 by J. M. Robertson, Robertson, J. M. (John Mackinnon), 1856-1933
Chapter 298: CHAPTER XX
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Chapters
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
1. Influence of Montaigne and Charron. Gui Patin. Naudé. La
Chapter 3
4. Vogue of freethinking. Malherbe. Joan Fontanier. Théophile
Chapter 4
15. Developments in France. The polemic of Abbadie. Persecution
Chapter 5
16. St. Evremond. Regnard. La Bruyère. Spread of
Chapter 6
1. Boulainvilliers. Strifes in the Church. Fénelon and Ramsay.
Chapter 7
11. Progress of tolerance. Marie Huber. Resistance of bigotry.
Chapter 8
13. New politics. The less famous freethinkers: Burigny;
Chapter 9
14. N.-A. Boulanger. Dumarsais. Prémontval. Solidity of much
Chapter 10
18. Freethought in the Académie. Beginnings in classical
Chapter 11
22. Study of Nature. Fontenelle. Lenglet du Fresnoy. De
Chapter 12
27. The conventional myth and the facts. Necker. Abbé Grégoire.
Chapter 13
28. Religious and political forces of revolt. The polemic
Chapter 14
30. The polemic of Mallet du Pan. Saner views of Barante.
Chapter 15
33. Napoleon 292
Chapter 16
1. Moral Decline under Lutheranism. Freethought before the
Chapter 17
12. English and French influences. The scientific movement.
Chapter 18
14. Mauvillon. Nicolai. Riem. Schade. Basedow. Eberhard.
Chapter 19
18. Vogue of deism. Wieland. Cases of Isenbiehl and Steinbuhler.
Chapter 20
22. Influence of Kant. The sequel. Hamann. Chr. A. Crusius.
Chapter 21
25. Austria. Jahn. Joseph II. Beethoven 351
Chapter 22
1. Course of the Reformation. Subsequent wars.
Chapter 23
5. Upper-class indifference. Gustavus III. Kjellgren and
Chapter 24
6. Revival of thought in Denmark. Struensee. Mary
Chapter 25
2. Russia. Nikon. Peter the Great. Kantemir. Catherine 363
Chapter 26
3. Subsequent scientific thought. General revival of
Chapter 27
4. Beccaria. Algarotti. Filangieri. Galiani. Genovesi.
Chapter 28
9. Portugal. Pombal 377
Chapter 29
6. Palmer. Houston. Deism and Unitarianism 385
Chapter 30
3. Pietist persecution. Richard Carlile. John Clarke.
Chapter 31
7. Charles Bradlaugh and Secularism. Imprisonment of
Chapter 32
8. New literary developments. Lecky. Conway. Winwood
Chapter 33
9. Freethought in France. Social schemes. Fourier.
Chapter 34
10. Bigotry in Spain. Popular freethought in Catholic
Chapter 35
11. Fluctuations in Germany. Persistence of religious
Chapter 36
15. Clerical rationalism in Protestant countries.
Chapter 37
17. The United States. Ingersoll. Lincoln. Stephen
Chapter 38
1. Rationalism in Germany. The Schleiermacher reaction:
Chapter 39
7. Strauss's second Life of Jesus. His politics. His
Chapter 40
8. Fluctuating progress of criticism. Important issues
Chapter 41
10. Falling-off in German candidates for the ministry as in
Chapter 42
11. Attack and defence in England. The Tractarian reaction.
Chapter 43
12. New Testament criticism in France. Renan and Havet 439
Chapter 44
3. Béranger. De Musset. Victor Hugo. Leconte de Lisle. The
Chapter 45
4. Poetry in England. Shelley. Coleridge. The romantic
Chapter 46
7. Orthodoxy and conformity. Bain's view of Carlyle,
Chapter 47
8. The literary influence. Ruskin. Arnold. Intellectual
Chapter 48
9. English fiction from Miss Edgeworth to the present
Chapter 49
15. The Scandinavian States 457
Chapter 50
1. Progress in cosmology. Laplace and modern astronomy.
Chapter 51
8. Triumph of evolutionism. Spencer. Clifford. Huxley 466
Chapter 52
1. Eighteenth-century sociology. Salverte. Charles
Chapter 53
2. Progress in England. Orthodoxy of Hallam. Carlyle.
Chapter 54
4. Mythology and anthropology. Tylor. Spencer. Avebury.
Chapter 55
9. Philosophy in Britain. Bentham. James Mill. Grote.
Chapter 56
12. J. S. Mill 489
Chapter 57
CHAPTER XIII
Chapter 58
1638. Kepler's indecisive Mysterium Cosmographicum appeared only in
Chapter 59
1. The Latin letter of Gaspar Schopp (Scioppius), dated February
Chapter 60
2. There are preserved two extracts from Roman news-letters
Chapter 61
3. There has been found, by a Catholic investigator, a double entry
Chapter 62
episode is well vouched; and the argument from the silence of
Chapter 63
1649. As M. Desdouits staked his case on the absence of allusion to
Chapter 64
CHAPTER XIV
Chapter 65
1662. [376] Under the Commonwealth (1656) James Naylor, the Quaker,
Chapter 66
1683. Dr. Rust, Discourse on the Use of Reason in ... Religion,
Chapter 67
1685. Duke of Buckingham, A Short Discourse upon the Reasonableness
Chapter 68
1691. John Ray, Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the
Chapter 69
1695. John Edwards, B.D., Some Thoughts concerning the Several Causes
Chapter 70
1696. Sir C. Wolseley, The Unreasonableness of Atheism Demonstrated.
Chapter 71
1696. Dr. Nichols' Conference with a Theist. Pt. I. (Answer to
Chapter 72
1696. J. Edwards, D.D., A Demonstration of the Evidence and
Chapter 73
1696. E. Pelling, Discourse ... on the Existence of God. (Pt. II in
Chapter 74
1697. Stephen Eye, A Discourse concerning Natural and Revealed
Chapter 75
1697. Bishop Gastrell, The Certainty and Necessity of Religion.
Chapter 76
1698. Dr. J. Harris, A Refutation of Atheistical Objections. (Boyle
Chapter 77
1698. Thos. Emes, The Atheist turned Deist, and the Deist turned
Chapter 78
1699. J. Bradley, An Impartial View of the Truth of Christianity.
Chapter 79
1700. Bishop Bradford, The Credibility of the Christian Revelation.
Chapter 80
1702. Dr. Stanhope, The Truth and Excellency of the Christian
Chapter 81
1705. Ed. Pelling, Discourse concerning the existence of God. Part
Chapter 82
1705. Dr. Samuel Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes
Chapter 83
1706. Th. Wise, B.D., A Confutation of the Reason and Philosophy of
Chapter 84
1706. T. Oldfield, Mille Testes; against the Atheists, Deists, and
Chapter 85
1707. Dr. J. Hancock, Arguments to prove the Being of a God. (Boyle
Chapter 86
CHAPTER XV
Chapter 87
1. We have seen France, in the first quarter of the seventeenth
Chapter 88
2. On the other hand, the resort on the part of the Catholics to a
Chapter 89
3. Between the negative development of the doctrine of Montaigne and
Chapter 90
4. The general tendency is revealed on the one hand by the series
Chapter 91
5. Equally freethinking was his brilliant predecessor and early
Chapter 92
6. Even in the apologetic reasoning of the greatest French prose
Chapter 93
7. A similar fatality attended the labours of the learned Huet, Bishop
Chapter 94
8. Meanwhile the philosophy of Descartes, if less strictly propitious
Chapter 95
9. Yet another philosophic figure of the reign of Louis XIV, the Jesuit
Chapter 96
10. Yet another new departure was made in the France of Louis XIV
Chapter 97
11. Such an evolution could not occur in France without affecting the
Chapter 98
12. As Meyer was one of the most intimate friends of Spinoza, being
Chapter 99
13. The appearance in 1678 of a Dutch treatise "against all sorts of
Chapter 100
14. No greater service was rendered in that age to the spread of
Chapter 101
15. Meantime, Spinoza had reinforced the critical movement in France,
Chapter 102
16. Of the new Epicureans, the most famous in his day was
Chapter 103
CHAPTER XVI
Chapter 104
405. It is noteworthy that a volume of controversial sermons
Chapter 105
1752. The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken. Four vols.
Chapter 106
1765. W. Dudgeon, Philosophical Works (reprints of those of 1732,
Chapter 107
1772. E. Evanson, The Doctrines of a Trinity and the
Chapter 108
1773. ---- Three Discourses (1. Upon the Man after God's own
Chapter 109
1781. W. Nicholson, The Doubts of the Infidels. (Rep. by R.
Chapter 110
1782. W. Turner, Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a
Chapter 111
1785. Dr. G. Hoggart Toulmin, The Antiquity and Duration of the
Chapter 112
1792. E. Evanson, The Dissonance of the Four Evangelists.
Chapter 113
1795. Dr. J. A. O'Keefe, On the Progress of the Human
Chapter 114
1797. John C. Davies, The Scripturian's Creed. Prosecuted and
Chapter 115
1797. The latter writer states (2nd ed. p. 126) that "infidelity is
Chapter 116
CHAPTER XVII
Chapter 117
1. The fruits of the intellectual movement of the seventeenth
Chapter 118
2. At the same time the continuous output of apologetics testified
Chapter 119
3. There was thus no adaptation on the side of the Church to the forces
Chapter 120
4. As the new intellectual movement began to find expression, then, it
Chapter 121
5. A continuous development may be traced throughout the
Chapter 122
6. One of the most comprehensive freethinking works of the century, the
Chapter 123
7. Apart from this direct influence, too, others of the cloth bore
Chapter 124
8. With the ground prepared as we have seen, freethought was bound
Chapter 125
9. It is thus a complete mistake on the part of Buckle to affirm
Chapter 126
10. The rest of Voltaire's long life was a sleepless and dexterous
Chapter 127
11. It is difficult to realize how far the mere demand for
Chapter 128
12. A new era of propaganda and struggle had visibly begun. In
Chapter 129
1700. Lettre d'Hypocrate à Damagète, attributed to the Comte de
Chapter 130
1700. [Claude Gilbert.] Histoire de Calejava, ou de l'isle des hommes
Chapter 131
1704. [Gueudeville.] Dialogues de M. le Baron de la Houtan et d'un
Chapter 132
1709. Lettre sur l'enthousiasme (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by Samson).
Chapter 133
1710. [Tyssot de Patot, Symon.] Voyages et Avantures de Jaques Massé.
Chapter 134
1710. Essai sur l'usage de la raillerie (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by
Chapter 135
1712. [Deslandes, A. F. B.] Reflexions sur les grands hommes qui sont
Chapter 136
1714. Discours sur la liberté de penser [French tr. of Collins's
Chapter 137
1720. Same work rep. under the double title: De tribus impostoribus:
Chapter 138
1724. [Lévesque de Burigny.] Histoire de la philosophie payenne. La
Chapter 139
1730. [Bernard, J.-F.] Dialogues critiques et philosophiques. "Par
Chapter 140
1731. Réfutation des erreurs de Benoît de Spinoza, par Fénelon, le P.
Chapter 141
1734. [Voltaire.] Lettres philosophiques. 4 edd. within the year.
Chapter 142
1734. [Longue, Louis-Pierre de.] Les Princesses Malabares, ou le
Chapter 143
1737. Marquis D'Argens. La Philosophie du Bon Sens. (Berlin: 8th
Chapter 144
1738. [Marie Huber.] Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme,
Chapter 145
1739. ----, Suite to the foregoing, "servant de réponse aux
Chapter 146
1741. [Deslandes.] Pigmalion, ou la Statue animée. [Condemned to be
Chapter 147
1741. ----, De la Certitude des connaissances humaines ... traduit de
Chapter 148
1743. Nouvelles libertés de penser. Amsterdam. [Edited by Dumarsais.
Chapter 149
1745. [Lieut. De la Serre.] La vraie religion traduite de l'Ecriture
Chapter 150
1745. [La Mettrie.] Histoire naturelle de l'âme. [Condemned to be
Chapter 151
1748. [P. Estève.] L'Origine de l'Univers expliquée par un principe
Chapter 152
1748. [Benoît de Maillet.] Telliamed, ou Entretiens d'un philosophe
Chapter 153
1751. [Mirabaud, J. B. de.] Le Monde, son origine et son antiquité.
Chapter 154
1752. [Gouvest, J. H. Maubert de.] Lettres Iroquoises. "Irocopolis,
Chapter 155
1752. [Génard, F.] L'École de l'homme, ou Parallèle des Portraits du
Chapter 156
1753. [Baume-Desdossat, Canon of Avignon.] La Christiade. [Book
Chapter 157
1753. Astruc, Jean. Conjectures sur les mémoires originaux dont il
Chapter 158
1754. Prémontval, A. I. le Guay de. Le Diogène de d'Alembert, ou
Chapter 159
1754. Burigny, J. L. Théologie payenne. 2 tom. (New ed. of his
Chapter 160
1754. Beausobre, L. de (the younger). Pyrrhonisme du Sage. Berlin.
Chapter 161
1755. Recherches philosophiques sur la liberté de l'homme. Trans. of
Chapter 162
1755. Analyse raisonnée de Bayle. 4 tom. [By the Abbé de Marsy.
Chapter 163
1755. [Deleyre.] Analyse de la philosophie de Bacon. (Largely an
Chapter 164
1757. Prémontval. Vues Philosophiques. (Amsterdam.)
Chapter 165
1759. Translation of Hume's Natural History of Religion and
Chapter 166
1761. [N.-A. Boulanger. [1020]] Recherches sur l'origine du
Chapter 167
1761. Rep. of De la Serre's La vraie religion as Examen de la
Chapter 168
1761. [D'Holbach.] Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Imprint: "Londres,
Chapter 169
1762. Rousseau. Émile. [Publicly burned at Paris and at Geneva.
Chapter 170
1762. Robinet, J. B. De la nature. Vol. i. (Vol. ii in 1764; iii and
Chapter 171
1764. [Voltaire.] Dictionnaire philosophique portatif. [1021] [First
Chapter 172
1764. Lettres secrètes de M. de Voltaire. [Holland. Collection of
Chapter 173
1764. L'Évangile de la Raison. Ouvrage posthume de M. D. M----y. [Ed.
Chapter 174
1765. Recueil Nécessaire, avec L'Évangile de la Raison, 2 tom.
Chapter 175
1766. Boulanger, N. A. L'Antiquité dévoilée. [1023] 3 tom. [Recast by
Chapter 176
1766. Voyage de Robertson aux terres australes. Traduit sur le
Chapter 177
1766. De Prades. Abrégé de l'histoire ecclésiastique de Fleury.
Chapter 178
1766. [Burigny.] Examen critique des Apologistes de la religion
Chapter 179
1766. [Abbé Millot.] Histoire philosophique de l'homme. [Naturalistic
Chapter 180
1767. Doutes sur la religion (attributed to Gueroult de Pival), suivi
Chapter 181
1767. Lettre de Thrasybule à Leucippe. [Published under the name of
Chapter 182
1767. [D'Holbach.] L'Imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de pièces sur
Chapter 183
1767. Reprint of Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Condemned to be burnt,
Chapter 184
1768. Meister, J. H. De l'origine des principes religieux.
Chapter 185
1768. Catalogue raisonné des esprits forts, depuis le curé
Chapter 186
1768. [D'Holbach.] La Contagion sacrée, ou histoire naturelle de
Chapter 187
1768. ---- Lettres philosophiques sur l'origine des préjugés,
Chapter 188
1768. ---- Lettres à Eugénie, ou preservatif contre les
Chapter 189
1768. ---- Théologie Portative. "Par l'abbé Bernier." [Also
Chapter 190
1768. Traité des trois Imposteurs. (See 1719 and 1720.) Rep.
Chapter 191
1768. Naigeon, J. A. Le militaire philosophe. [Adaptation of a
Chapter 192
1768. Examen des prophéties qui servent de fondement à la
Chapter 193
1768. Robinet. Considérations philosophiques.
Chapter 194
1769. [Diderot. Also ascribed to Castillon.] Histoire générale
Chapter 195
1769. [Mirabaud.] Opinions des anciens sur les juifs, and
Chapter 196
1769. [Isoard-Delisle, otherwise Delisle de Sales.] De la
Chapter 197
1769. [Seguier de Saint-Brisson.] Traité des Droits de Génie,
Chapter 198
1770. ---- Examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de Saint
Chapter 199
1770. ---- Essai sur les Préjugés. (Not by Dumarsais, whose name
Chapter 200
1770. Recueil Philosophique. 2 tom. [Edited by Naigeon. Contains
Chapter 201
1770. Analyse de Bayle. Rep. of the four vols. of De Marsy, with
Chapter 202
1770. Raynal (with Diderot and others). Histoire philosophique
Chapter 203
1772. Le Bon Sens. [Adaptation from Meslier by Diderot and
Chapter 204
1773. Helvétius. De l'Homme. Ouvrage posthume. 2 tom. [Condemned to
Chapter 205
1774. Abauzit, F. Réflexions impartiales sur les Évangiles, suivies
Chapter 206
1774. New edition of Theologie Portative. 2 tom. [Condemned to be
Chapter 207
1775. [Voltaire.] Histoire de Jenni, ou Le Sage et l'Athée. [Attack
Chapter 208
1777. Examen critique du Nouveau Testament, "par M. Fréret." [Not
Chapter 209
1779. Vie d'Apollonius de Tyane par Philostrate, avec les
Chapter 210
1780. Clootz, Anacharsis. La Certitude des preuves du Mahométisme.
Chapter 211
1780. Second ed. of Raynal's Histoire philosophique, with
Chapter 212
1784. Pougens, M. C. J. de. Récréations de philosophie et de
Chapter 213
1788. Pastoret. Moïse considéré comme legislateur et comme
Chapter 214
1788. Maréchal. Almanach des honnêtes gens. [Author imprisoned;
Chapter 215
1789. Cerutti (Jesuit Father). Bréviaire Philosophique, ou Histoire
Chapter 216
1795. La Fable de Christ dévoilée; ou Lettre du muphti de
Chapter 217
1798. Maréchal. Pensées libres sur les prêtres. A Rome, et se
Chapter 218
13. It will be noted that after 1770--coincidently, indeed, with a
Chapter 219
14. One of the most remarkable of the company in some respects is
Chapter 220
15. Though the bibliographers claim to have traced the authorship in
Chapter 221
16. Above the scattered band of minor combatants rises a group of
Chapter 222
17. An interlude in the critical campaign, little noticed at the time,
Chapter 223
18. In the select Parisian arena of the Académie, the intellectual
Chapter 224
19. In 1759 there came a check. The Encyclopédie, which had been
Chapter 225
20. Voltaire could not compass, as he for a time schemed, the election
Chapter 226
21. Alongside of the more strictly literary or humanist movement,
Chapter 227
22. A more general influence, naturally, attached to the
Chapter 228
23. But science, like theology, had its schisms, and the rationalizing
Chapter 229
24. Over all of these men, and even in some measure over Voltaire,
Chapter 230
25. With Diderot were specially associated, in different ways,
Chapter 231
26. The death of d'Holbach (1789) brings us to the French
Chapter 232
27. No part of the history of freethought has been more distorted
Chapter 233
28. The anti-atheistic and anti-philosophic legend was born of the
Chapter 234
29. If any careful attempt be made to analyse the situation, the
Chapter 235
30. A survey of the work and attitude of the leading French
Chapter 236
31. While the true causation of the Revolution is thus kept clear,
Chapter 237
32. Among many other illustrations of the passion for persecution in
Chapter 238
33. This section would not be complete even in outline without some
Chapter 239
CHAPTER XVIII
Chapter 240
1. When two generations of Protestant strife had turned to naught the
Chapter 241
2. While, however, clerical action could drive such a movement under
Chapter 242
1662. Th. Gegenbauer. Preservatio wider die Pest der heutigen
Chapter 243
1668. J. Musæus. Examen Cherburianismi. Contra E. Herbertum de
Chapter 244
1668. Anton Reiser. De origine, progressu, et incremento Antitheismi
Chapter 245
1677. Val. Greissing. Corona Transylvani; Exerc. 2, de Atheismo,
Chapter 246
1689. Th. Undereyck. Der Närrische Atheist in seiner Thorheit
Chapter 247
1697. A. H. Grosse. An Atheismus necessario ducat ad corruptionem
Chapter 248
1708. Loescher. Prænotiones Theologicæ contra Naturalistarum et
Chapter 249
1708. Rechenberg. Fundamenta veræ religionis Prudentum, adversus
Chapter 250
1710. J. C. Wolfius. Dissertatio de Atheismi falso suspectis.
Chapter 251
1713. Anon. Widerlegung der Atheisten, Deisten, und neuen Zweifeler.
Chapter 252
3. For a community in which the reading class was mainly clerical and
Chapter 253
4. Other culture-conditions concurred to set up a spirit of rationalism
Chapter 254
5. After the collapse of the popular movement of Matthias Knutzen,
Chapter 255
6. A personality of a very different kind emerges in the same period
Chapter 256
7. Among the pupils of Thomasius at Halle was Theodore Louis Lau,
Chapter 257
8. While Thomasius was still at work, a new force arose of a more
Chapter 258
9. Even before the generation of active pressure from English and
Chapter 259
10. To the same period belong the first activities of Johann Christian
Chapter 260
11. Even from decorous and official exponents of religion, however,
Chapter 261
12. Alongside of home-made heresy there had come into play a new
Chapter 262
13. Frederick, though reputed a Voltairean freethinker par excellence,
Chapter 263
14. The social vogue of deistic thought could now be traced in much of
Chapter 264
15. If it be true that even the rationalizing defenders of Christianity
Chapter 265
16. Much more notorious than any other German deist of his time was
Chapter 266
17. Alongside of these propagators of popular rationalism stood
Chapter 267
18. Deism was now as prevalent in educated Germany as in France or
Chapter 268
19. Meanwhile, the drift of the age of Aufklärung was apparent in
Chapter 269
20. No less certain is the unbelief of Schiller (1759-1805), whom
Chapter 270
21. The critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) may be said
Chapter 271
22. The total performance of Kant thus left Germany with a powerful
Chapter 272
23. Some philosophic opposition there was to Kant, alike on
Chapter 273
24. It is true that the progressive work was not all done by the
Chapter 274
25. The emancipation, too, was limited in area in the German-speaking
Chapter 275
CHAPTER XIX
Chapter 276
1. Traces of new rationalistic life are to be seen in the Scandinavian
Chapter 277
2. For long, the only personality making powerfully for culture was
Chapter 278
3. In Sweden, meantime, there had occurred some reflex of the
Chapter 279
4. That there was, however, in eighteenth-century Sweden a considerable
Chapter 280
5. According to one of Swedenborg's biographers, the worldliness of
Chapter 281
6. In Denmark, on the other hand, the stagnation of nearly a hundred
Chapter 282
1. In Poland, where, as we saw, Unitarian heresy had spread
Chapter 283
2. In Russia the possibilities of modern freethought emerge only in
Chapter 284
1. Returning to Italy, no longer the leader of European thought, but
Chapter 285
2. First came the great work of Vico, the Principles of a New Science
Chapter 286
3. It is noteworthy, indeed, that the "New Science," as Vico boasted,
Chapter 287
1763. Thenceforth for many years there raged, "under the eyes of Pope
Chapter 288
4. Between 1737 and 1798 may be counted twenty-eight Italian writers
Chapter 289
1. For the rest of Europe during the eighteenth century, we have
Chapter 290
2. Still all freethinking in Spain ran immense risks, even under
Chapter 291
3. Another grandee, Don Christophe Ximenez de Gongora, Duke of
Chapter 292
4. In another case, a freethinking priest skilfully anticipated
Chapter 293
5. Out of a long series of other men of letters persecuted by the
Chapter 294
6. Another savant of the same period, Don Joseph de Clavijo y Faxardo,
Chapter 295
7. Still in the same reign, the Jesuit Francisco de Ista, author of an
Chapter 296
8. It is plain that the combined power of the Church, the orders,
Chapter 297
9. Portugal in the same period, despite the anti-clerical policy
Chapter 298
CHAPTER XX
Chapter 299
1. Perhaps the most signal of all the proofs of the change wrought
Chapter 300
2. The rise of rationalism in the colonies must be traced in the main
Chapter 301
3. Similarly prudent was Jefferson, who, like Franklin and Paine,
Chapter 302
4. Nothing in American culture-history more clearly proves the last
Chapter 303
5. Its immediate effect was much greater in Britain, where his Rights
Chapter 304
6. The habit of reticence or dissimulation among American public men
Chapter 305
CHAPTER XXI
Chapter 306
1. In Great Britain and America, the new movements of popular
Chapter 307
2. In France and elsewhere, the reverberation of the attack
Chapter 308
3. German "rationalism," proceeding from English deism, moving
Chapter 309
4. The literary compromise of Lessing, claiming for all religions
Chapter 310
5. In England, the neo-Christianity of the school of Coleridge,
Chapter 311
6. The utilitarianism of the school of Bentham, carried into
Chapter 312
7. Comtism, making little direct impression on the "constructive"
Chapter 313
8. German philosophy, Kantian and post-Kantian, in particular
Chapter 314
9. German atheism and scientific "materialism"--represented
Chapter 315
10. Revived English deism, involving destructive criticism
Chapter 316
12. Colenso's preliminary attack on the narrative of the
Chapter 317
13. The later or scientific "higher criticism" of the Old
Chapter 318
14. New historical criticism of Christian origins, in particular
Chapter 319
15. Exhibition of rationalism within the churches, as in Germany,
Chapter 320
16. Association of rationalistic doctrine with the Socialist
Chapter 321
17. Communication of doubt and moral questioning through poetry and
Chapter 322
4. The comprehension of all science in the Evolution Theory,
Chapter 323
7. Sociology, as outlined by Comte, Buckle, Spencer, Winwood Reade,
Chapter 324
8. Comparative Hierology; the methodical application of principles
Chapter 325
9. Above all, the later development of Anthropology (in the wide
Chapter 326
1. Penal laws, still operative in Britain and Germany against
Chapter 327
2. Class interests, involving in the first half of the century
Chapter 328
3. Commercial pressure thus set up, and always involved in the
Chapter 329
4. In England, identification of orthodox Dissent with political
Chapter 330
5. Concessions by the clergy, especially in England and the United
Chapter 331
6. Above all, the production of new masses of popular ignorance
Chapter 332
7. On this basis, business-like and in large part secular-minded
Chapter 333
1. If any one circumstance more than another differentiates the life
Chapter 334
2. Meantime, new writers arose to carry into fuller detail the attacks
Chapter 335
3. As the years went on, the persecution in England grew still fiercer;
Chapter 336
4. In this evolution political activities played an important
Chapter 337
5. Holyoake had been a missionary and martyr in the movement
Chapter 338
6. This date broadly coincides with the maximum domination of
Chapter 339
7. In 1858 there was elected to the presidency of the London Secular
Chapter 340
8. The special energy of the English secularist movement in the ninth
Chapter 341
9. In the first half of the century popular forms of freethought
Chapter 342
10. In other Catholic countries the course of popular culture in
Chapter 343
11. In Germany, as we have seen, the relative selectness of culture,
Chapter 344
12. Under the widely-different political conditions in Russia and
Chapter 345
13. "Free-religious" societies, such as have been noted in Germany,
Chapter 346
14. Alongside of the lines of movement before sketched, there has
Chapter 347
15. A partly similar evolution has taken place among the Protestant
Chapter 348
16. The history of popular freethought in Sweden yields a good
Chapter 349
17. Only in the United States has the public lecture platform been
Chapter 350
1. At the beginning of the century, educated men in general
Chapter 351
2. Gradually that had developed a greater precision of method,
Chapter 352
3. No less remarkable was the check to the few attempts which had
Chapter 353
4. But as regards the gospel history in general, the first Leben
Chapter 354
5. For a time there was undoubtedly "reaction," engineered with the
Chapter 355
6. Another expert of Baur's school, Albrecht Schwegler, author of
Chapter 356
7. In 1864, after an abstention of twenty years from discussion of
Chapter 357
1870. In what is now recognized as the national manner, he wrote two
Chapter 358
8. And it was long before even Strauss's early method of scientific
Chapter 359
9. In New Testament criticism, though the strict critical method of
Chapter 360
10. The movement of Biblical and other criticism in Germany has had
Chapter 361
11. On a less extensive scale than in Germany, critical study of the
Chapter 362
12. In France systematic criticism of the sacred books recommenced
Chapter 363
1. The whole imaginative literature of Europe, in the generation
Chapter 364
2. The literary history of France since his death decides the question,
Chapter 365
3. In French poetry the case is hardly otherwise. Béranger, who
Chapter 366
4. In England it was due above all to Shelley that the very age of
Chapter 367
5. One of the best-beloved names in English literature, Charles Lamb,
Chapter 368
6. While a semi-Bohemian like Lamb could thus dare to challenge the
Chapter 369
7. This attitude of orthodoxy, threatening ostracism to any avowed
Chapter 370
8. Thus for a whole generation honest and narrow-minded believers were
Chapter 371
9. In English fiction, the beginning of the end of genuine faith
Chapter 372
10. Among the most artistically gifted of the English story-writers and
Chapter 373
11. Though Shelley was anathema to English Christians in his own
Chapter 374
12. Of the imaginative literature of the United States, as of that of
Chapter 375
13. Of the vast modern output of belles lettres in continental Europe,
Chapter 376
1850. "If I could only go out on crutches!" he exclaimed; adding:
Chapter 377
14. But perhaps the most considerable evidence, in belles lettres,
Chapter 378
15. In the Scandinavian States, again, there are hardly any
Chapter 379
1. The power of intellectual habit and tradition had preserved
Chapter 380
2. From France came likewise the impulse to a naturalistic handling
Chapter 381
3. In England the influence of the French stimulus in physiology
Chapter 382
4. A more general effect, however, was probably wrought by the science
Chapter 383
5. Still more rousing, finally, was the effect of the science of
Chapter 384
6. Other anticipations of Darwin's doctrine in England and elsewhere
Chapter 385
7. "Contempt and abhorrence" had in fact at all times constituted
Chapter 386
8. Thus the idea of a specific creation of all forms of life by an
Chapter 387
1. A rationalistic treatment of human history had been explicit or
Chapter 388
2. In England the anti-revolution reaction was visible in this as
Chapter 389
3. All study of economics and of political history fostered such
Chapter 390
4. Two lines of scientific study, it would appear, must be thoroughly
Chapter 391
1. The philosophy of Kant, while giving the theological class a new
Chapter 392
2. In respect of his formal championship of Christianity Hegel's
Chapter 393
3. From the collisions of philosophic systems in Germany there
Chapter 394
4. Arnold Ruge (1802-1880), who was of the same philosophical school,
Chapter 395
5. On Feuerbach's Essence of Religion followed the resounding explosion
Chapter 396
6. In France the course of thought had been hardly less
Chapter 397
7. On retrospect, the whole official French philosophy of the period,
Chapter 398
8. The most energetic and characteristic philosophy produced in the new
Chapter 399
9. In Britain, where abstract philosophy after Berkeley had been mainly
Chapter 400
10. When English metaphysical philosophy revived with Sir William
Chapter 401
11. The effect of the ethical pressure of the deistic attack on
Chapter 402
12. A powerful and wholesome stimulus was given to English thought
Chapter 403
1598. Chapman spells the name Harriots.
Chapter 404
1587. Reprinted in 1592, 1604, and 1617.
Chapter 405
128. Cp. Bayle, art. Vorstius, Note N. By his theological opponents and
Chapter 406
1573. Ritter, Geschichte der deutschen Union, i, 19. Cp. Menzel,
Chapter 407
1646. (Gangræna, p. 151.) The Hanserd Knollys collection, above
Chapter 408
1614. Epist. Ded.
Chapter 409
1705. (Pref. to pt. i, ed. 1725.)
Chapter 410
1876. See citations in Land's note to his lecture in Spinoza: Four
Chapter 411
1663. From the withholding of court favour it proceeded to subsidies
Chapter 412
169. Most of the Guardian papers cited are by Berkeley. They are
Chapter 413
1903. pp. 36-37.
Chapter 414
1750. Forbes in his youth had been famed as one of the hardest drinkers
Chapter 415
Introduction to the History of the Jews; a Vindication of Biblical
Chapter 416
1764. It was no fewer than four times ordered to be destroyed in the
Chapter 417
19. Jahrhunderts, 2te Aufl. 1848, i, 218-20.
Chapter 418
1768. Tn the latter entry, Yvon is described as "poursuivi comme
Chapter 419
193. Mrs. Dunlop, the friend of Burns, recommending its perusal to
Chapter 420
1841. Many of the utterances here set forth are irreconcilable with
Chapter 421
282. The Concordat was bitterly resented by the freethinkers in the
Chapter 422
1686. Other German and French periodicals soon followed that of
Chapter 423
24. "Before Thomasius," writes Bielfeld, "an old woman could not have
Chapter 424
1785. The Letters purport to be written by one of the Moroccan embassy
Chapter 425
1684. After a youth of poverty and struggle he settled at Copenhagen in
Chapter 426
139. Cp. Rambaud, Hist. de Russie, 2e édit. pp. 249, 259,
Chapter 427
32. Ripley, who was one of the American transcendentalist group and
Chapter 298: CHAPTER XX
EARLY FREETHOUGHT IN THE UNITED STATES
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