[1171] For the Dresden head, see _A. A._, 1900, p. 107, figs. 1 a and 1 b. [1172] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 104; _Mw._, p. 455, fig. 74. [1173] First published by F. H. Marshall, _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2 and figs. 1 a, b; more fully by E. A. Gardner, _ibid._, XXXI, 1911, pp. 21 f. and Pl. I and fig. 1. [1174] Nelson head: _J. H. S._, XVIII, 1898, pp. 141 f., and Pl. XI; B. B., 544; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIX; Capitoline _Amazon_: _Mp._, p. 132, fig. 53 (restored); _Mw._, p. 292, fig. 39. A head of the Capitoline type has been wrongly placed on the Pheidian Mattei torso in the Vatican: _Mp._, p. 133, fig. 54 (head); _Mw._, Pl. XI; B. B., 350; von Mach, 121; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 483, 1. [1175] B. B., 128 (original and cast). [1176] As, _e. g._, in the bronze head of a victor in Naples, already discussed (Fig. 25); B. B., 339. [1177] _E. g._, Furtwaengler and Collignon; the latter, I, pp. 499-500. [1178] _Hypnos_, pp. 30 f.; accepted by Wolters (_apud_ Lepsius, _Griech. Marmorstudien_, p. 83, no. 164), Treu (_A. A._, 1889, p. 57), Collignon, Petersen, _l. c._, Kekulé (_Idolino_, p. 13), Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 252-3, _Mw._, pp. 458-9 and 747), and others; see Philios, _op. cit._ [1179] _E. g._, by Philios (_op. cit._), Amelung (_Bert. Phil. Wochenschr._, XXII, 1902, p. 273). This scraping motive is seen in the bronze statuette in the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 934. [1180] This is inconsistent with the position of the hand in the Barracco copy, which is too far from the head. This was an older view of Helbig, _Rendiconti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, 1892, pp. 790 f.; refuted by Furtwaengler, Petersen, Helbig himself later (in the _Fuehrer_), and others. [1181] Quoted by E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXXI, pp. 25-6, as the theory of E. N. Gardiner. [1182] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; for this theory, see Mahler, _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 50. [1183] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Block 131 (from the North frieze). [1184] F. W., 1665; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 256, fig. 106; _Mw._, p. 463, fig. 76; M. W., Pl. 70, 879; etc. [1185] For list, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 254, n. 2. For a restoration of the original statue, see _ibid._, p. 250, fig. 102; _Mw._, p. 453, fig. 72. [1186] VI, 4.11; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; _I. G. B._, 50. [1187] Those of the Elean pentathlete Pythokles: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; _I. G. B._, 91; and the Epidaurian boxer Aristion: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92. The feet of the Aristion were both flat upon the ground. [1188] That of the boy wrestler Xenokles of Mainalos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90. [1189] In one of the Olympia _Zanes_: _I. G. B._, 95. [1190] On the Kyniskos basis there are no traces, as on that of Pythokles, to show that the original had been removed from the Altis and replaced by a copy long before Pausanias visited Olympia. [1191] _O. S._, p. 186, on the basis of the _Oxy. Pap._; followed by Hyde, 45. Foerster’s date, Ol. (?) 86 (= 436 B. C.), follows the earlier dating of Polykleitos by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 107, _i. e._, before the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus; see Foerster, 255. Robert later dated the birth of the sculptor about Ol. 75.4 (= 477 B. C.). Thus, even if the _Kyniskos_ were his earliest statue, it must have been erected some time after the victory. Furtwaengler dates the original of the _Westmacott Athlete_ about 440 B. C.: _Mp._, p. 252. [1192] Bulle, Furtwaengler, E. A. Gardner, and others find the assumption of identity not completely convincing. Thus Furtwaengler looks upon the identification as “no far-fetched theory,” but says: “Unfortunately, however, absolute certainty can scarcely be attained” (_Mp._, pp. 249-50). [1193] VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Vitruv., _de Arch._, IX, 1 (p. 212). [1194] Homer mentions the palm: _e. g._, Od., VI, 163; the various kinds of palm are given by Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, II, 6.6 and 8.4. Its fronds (σπάθαι, _cf._ Hdt., VII, 69) were formed into victory crowns: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4, p. 723. [1195] _H. N._, XXXV, 75. [1196] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargehracht_, 1893, pp. 62 f. [1197] _Mp._, p. 256 and n. 1; _Mw._, p. 462 and n. 2. [1198] _Cf._ Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 187, n. 1. [1199] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, PI. III. See _supra_, p. 155. [1200] So Waldstein, _l. c._, p. 186. [1201] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic vase: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 48, e, g. [1202] Mentioned by Helbig, _Guide_, 977; discussed by Arndt in _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pls. XXI-IV. Arndt believes that the right arm with the palm in the hand is modern, like the head and left arm; they are of a different marble from the torso. The torso is a replica of a statue in the Villa Albani, Rome: _op. cit._, fig. 13; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 738 (= god type). On representing athletes in the act of placing wreaths on their heads with the right hand and holding palm-branches in the left, see Milchhoefer, and others, in the work already cited, _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebracht_, pp. 62 f. [1203] VI, 10.4. The scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, 1, Boeckh, p. 401, says that the hoplites ran with bronze shields. [1204] See _supra_, pp. 105, n. 3, and 116. [1205] P., VI, 13.7. He won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184. [1206] Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, Inscript. a. Boeckh, p. 401. [1207] Head A: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 29 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, 1881, pp. 12 f., Pls. XVIII (front), XIX (side); F. W., 316; Overbeck, I, pp. 198-9 and _cf._ p. 178. Head B: _Bildw._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 9-10; _Ausgrab._, p. 13; Overbeck, p. 178; F. W., 315. [1208] _Bildw._, Pl. VI, 5-6; fig. 30, on p. 30 in Textbd.; _Ausgrab._, V, Pl. XIX, 4 and p. 12; F. W., 317. [1209] _Bildw._, Textbd., fig. 31, on p. 30. [1210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., fig. 32, on p. 31. [1211] _Ibid._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 7-8; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, Pl. XIX, 5 and p. 12; F. W., 319. Both the foot and arm are of Parian marble, like the head. [1212] Hyde, pp. 42-4; _cf_. Foerster, 151, 155; he also won the stade-race at Delphi: Pindar, _Pyth._, X, 12-16. Robert accepts my ascription: Pauly-Wissowa, VI, p. 1493. Liddell and Scott, _Lexicon_, _s. v._ Φρικίας (= “Bristle”), believe this to be the name not of the victor but of his horse, so called because of his long outstanding mane; _cf_. Herrmann, _Opuscula_, VII, 166 n. This is also the interpretation of Sandys, _Odes of Pindar_, Loeb Library, 1915, p. 291, n. 1. [1213] P., VI, 10.4-5; R. Foerster, _Das Portraet in d. gr. Plastik_, 1882, p. 22, n. 5. [1214] Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f.; _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 34 and n. 2. He explained the shield device of the ram and Phrixos by the fact that Eperastos traced his descent from that hero. _Cf._ Overbeck, I, p. 198. [1215] VI, 17.5; Hyde, 183 and p. 62; Foerster, 765 (undated). [1216] _Preus. Jb._, LI, p. 382; _cf._ _Sammlung Sabouroff_, Einleitung zu den Skulpturen, p. 5, n. 4; followed by Flasch, Baum., II, p. 1104 U f. [1217] V, 27.7. [1218] Textbd., pp. 31-2. [1219] Hyde, _l. c._ For the date, see Afr; Foerster, 144-6; he was the first Olympic τριαστής, _i. e._, he gained victories in three events on the same day (stade-, double stade- and hoplite-races). [1220] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1097; here it is called a diskobolos; Clarac, 830, 2085; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 204; _Mw._, p. 392. [1221] Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, points out its resemblance to the Tuebingen bronze, but because of the tree-trunk does not regard it as a representation of a hoplitodrome. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, regards the helmet as belonging to the head, while others believe it alien thereto. [1222] No. 795; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XI and pp. 58-71; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; _cf._ another in Copenhagen: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXXI. [1223] P., VI, 3.10; he won the pentathlon some time between Ols. 94 and 103 (= 404 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347. [1224] P., V, 26.3. [1225] V, 27.12. [1226] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2 and pp. 227-8 (Milchhoefer). [1227] _Inventar_, no. 6306; mentioned by L. Gurlitt in _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 158. [1228] Duetschke, II, no. 22; a very similar statue, no. 25, has no _halteres_; both are poor Roman copies. [1229] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 217; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3. [1230] So schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158. He won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252. [1231] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no. 1096; _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 342, fig. 3. Thongs appear on both forearms of the Polykleitan statue, copies of which are in Kassel (Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69), and on a headless one in Lansdowne House (Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, 851, 2180 A); similarly on the Lysippan boxer by Koblanos found at Sorrento, and now in Naples (Fig. 57; Kalkmann, Die Proport, des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst = _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III); on the bronze statue of a boxer from Herculaneum in Naples; and on the delle Terme _Seated Boxer_ (Pl. 16); etc. [1232] So interpreted, and rightly, by Waldstein (_J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 186), and others; Juethner, pp. 68-9, thinks that the object here represented is a victor fillet, being too short for thongs. [1233] P. 26 and n. 2; against him, Reisch, p. 43; Hitz-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 577; etc. Oil-flasks of various kinds—_lekythoi_, _aryballoi_, _alabastra_, _olpai_—are mentioned repeatedly by Greek writers; _e. g._, λήκυθος, by Homer, Od., VI, 79; Aristoph., _Plutus_, 810; ἀρύβαλλος, Aristoph., _Equites_, 1094; Pollux, VII, 166 and X, 63; ἀλάβαστρον, Theokr., XV. 114; ὄλπη (of leather), Theokr., II, 156; etc. [1234] VI, 14.6. [1235] VI, 9.1. Theognetos won in the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 76 (= 746 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N. [1236] We have already in the present chapter mentioned this “Apollo” in connection with the statuette from Piombino (Fig. 19); Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 99-100, believed that it represented a victor. See _supra_, p. 119. [1237] _E. g._, on the bronze statuette from Naxos, now in Berlin: see _supra_, p. 119 and n. 5. [1238] Boy wrestlers especially wore caps in the palæstræ, but not at the games; we see them on the wrestler group in the palæstra scene on the r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 795) already mentioned. [1239] Stuart Jones, _Cat._, pp. 65-6, no. 8; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 769; _Guide_, 418; B. B., 527 (and fig. 6 in text, by Arndt); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, _Mw._, p. 392. Helbig finds it Myronian, while Furtwaengler considers it Attic, but non-Myronic; for a copy in Stockholm, see B. B., figs. 7, 8, 9, in the text to no. 527. [1240] I, 17.2. Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, n. 6, shows that the Athens head bears no resemblance to the Capitoline. Furthermore, heads on coins of Juba differ from both and show no trace of the complicated head-dress. A marble head from Shershel (= Cæsarea) seems to be an authentic portrait of Juba II: see _Annali_, XXIX, 1857, Pl. E, no. 2, and p. 194; and Waille, _de Caesareae Monumentis_, 1891, title page (vignette) and p. 92 (quoted by Helbig, _Guide_, _l. c._). [1241] See B. B., text to no. 527, figs. 1, 2, 3. [1242] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 972; _Guide_, 595; _B. Com. Rom._, XII, 1884, Pl. XXIII, pp. 245-253. The meaning is explained by a similar archaistic Parian marble relief in Wilton House, Wiltshire, England, where the youth stands before a statue of Zeus, washing his hands preparatory to making a thank-offering to the god who gave him victory: see Michaelis, p. 680, no. 48 and wood-cut on p. 681; Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text, fig. 33; F. W., 239; its inscription is not genuine. The same archaistic traits are seen on a votive relief to Zeus Xenios in the Museo delle Terme: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1405; Arndt, _op. cit._, fig. 34; this is to be dated in the first century B. C., or A. D., because of its inscription: _I. G. Sic. et Ital._, no. 990. [1243] See Fabretti, _de Columna Trajani_, p. 267; Gardiner, p. 433, fig. 149; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIV, no. 8. _Cf._ Krause, I, pp. 517 f. [1244] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 42-3. [1245] _Cf._ Philostr., _Heroicus_, XII b (p. 315); τὰ δὲ ὦτα κατεαγὼς ἦν οὐχ ὑπὸ πάλης. [1246] Thus Furtwaengler calls the Ince-Blundell head that of a boxer statue: _Mp._, p. 173, and fig. 71 on p. 172; _Mw._, p. 348, and fig. 44 on p. 347. [1247] _Cf._ discussion by Gardiner, pp. 425-6. [1248] _Gorgias_, 515 E; _Protag._, 342 B. In the latter passage he says: καὶ οἱ μὲν ὦτά τε κατάγνυνται μιμούμενοι αὐτούς, καὶ ἱμάντας περιειλίττονται καὶ φιλογυμναστοῦσι καὶ βραχείας ἀναβολὰς φοροῦσιν, κ. τ. λ. The boxer’s swollen ears are mentioned by Theokritos, XXII,