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Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Armour Plates" to "Arundel, Earls of"

3992 by Various, Various

Chapter 99: 91. _Wurttemberg_ furnishes one army corps (XIII.; headquarters,

Chapters

Chapter 1 Chapter 1
Chapter 2 1. _Stone Age._--One of the chief problems which have perplexed
Chapter 3 2. _Bronze Age._--It is impossible to assign any date as the beginning
Chapter 4 3. _Early Greek Weapons._--The character of the weapons used by the
Chapter 5 4. _Greek, Historical._--The equipment does not differ generically from
Chapter 6 5. _Roman._--The equipment of the Roman soldier, like the organization
Chapter 7 6. _English from the Norman Conquest._--It is unnecessary here to trace
Chapter 8 7. _Fire-arms._ (For the development of cannon, see ARTILLERY and
Chapter 9 1. _Early Armies._--It is only with the evolution of the specially
Chapter 10 2. _Persia._--Drawn from a hardy and nomadic race, the armies of Persia
Chapter 11 3. _Greece._--The Homeric armies were tribal levies of foot, armed with
Chapter 12 4. _Sparta._--So much is common to the various states. In Sparta the
Chapter 13 5. _Greek Mercenaries._--The military system of the 4th century was not
Chapter 14 6. _Epaminondas._--Not many years after this, Spartan oppression roused
Chapter 15 7. _Alexander._--The reforms of Alexander's father, Philip of Macedon,
Chapter 16 8. _Carthage._--The military systems of the Jews present few features of
Chapter 17 9. _Roman Army under the Republic._--The earliest organization of the
Chapter 18 10. _Characteristics of the Roman Army._--Such in outline was the Roman
Chapter 19 11. _Roman Empire._--The essential weaknesses of militia forces and the
Chapter 20 12. _The "Dark Ages."_--In western Europe all traces of Roman military
Chapter 21 13. _The Byzantines_ (cf. article ROMAN EMPIRE, LATER).--While the west
Chapter 22 14. _Feudalism._--From the military point of view the change under
Chapter 23 15. _Medieval Mercenaries._--It was natural, therefore, that a sovereign
Chapter 24 16. _Infantry in Feudal Times._--These mercenary foot soldiers came as a
Chapter 25 17. _The Crusades._--It is an undoubted fact that the long wars of the
Chapter 26 18. _The Period of Transition_ (1290-1490).--Besides the infantry
Chapter 27 19. _The Condottieri._--The immediate result of this confused period of
Chapter 28 20. _The Swiss._--The best description of a typical European army at the
Chapter 29 21. _The Landsknechts._--The modern army owes far more of its
Chapter 30 22. _The Spanish Army._--The tendencies towards professional soldiering
Chapter 31 23. _The Sixteenth Century._--The battle of St Quentin (1557) is usually
Chapter 32 24. _Dutch System._--The most interesting feature of the Dutch system,
Chapter 33 25. _The Thirty Years' War._--Hitherto all armies had been raised or
Chapter 34 26. _The Swedish Army._--The Swedish army was raised by a carefully
Chapter 35 27. _The English Civil War_ (see GREAT REBELLION).--The armies on either
Chapter 36 28. _Standing Armies._--Nine years after Nordlingen, the old Spanish
Chapter 37 29. _Character of the Standing Armies._--A peculiar character was from
Chapter 38 30. _Organization in the 18th Century._--All armies were now almost
Chapter 39 31. _Frederick the Great._--The military career of Frederick the Great
Chapter 40 32. _The French Revolution._--Very different were the armies of the
Chapter 41 33. _The Conscription._--In 1793, at a moment when the danger to France
Chapter 42 34. _Napoleon._--Revolutionary government, however, gave way in a few
Chapter 43 35. _The Grande Armee._--In 1805-1806, when the older spirit of the
Chapter 44 36. _The Wars of Liberation._--The Prussian defeat at Jena was followed
Chapter 45 37. _European Armies 1815-1870._--The events of the period 1815-1859
Chapter 46 38. _Modern Developments._--Since 1870, then, with the single exception
Chapter 47 39. The main principles of all military organization as developed in
Chapter 48 40. _Compulsory Service._--Universal liability to service (_allgemeine
Chapter 49 41. _Conscription_ in the proper sense, i.e. selection by lot of a
Chapter 50 42. _Voluntary Service._--Existing voluntary armies have usually
Chapter 51 43. The militia idea (see MILITIA) has been applied most completely in
Chapter 52 44. _Arms of the Service._--Organization into "arms" is produced by the
Chapter 53 45. _Command._--The first essential of a good organization is to ensure
Chapter 54 46. A _brigade_ is the command of a brigadier or major-general, or of a
Chapter 55 47. A _division_ is an organization containing troops of all arms. Since
Chapter 56 48. _Army Corps._--The "corps" of the 18th century was simply a large
Chapter 57 49. _Constitution of the Army Corps._--In 1870-71 the III. German army
Chapter 58 50. _Army._--The term "army" is applied, in war time, to any command of
Chapter 59 51. _Chief Command._--The leading of the "group of armies" referred to
Chapter 60 52. The _Chief of the General Staff_ is, as his title implies, the chief
Chapter 61 53. _First and Second Lines._--The organization into arms and units is
Chapter 62 54. _War Reserves._--In war, the reserves increase the field armies to
Chapter 63 55. The military characteristics of the various types of regular troops
Chapter 64 56. The transfer of troops from the state of peace to that of war is
Chapter 65 57. _Territorial System._--The feudal system was of course a territorial
Chapter 66 58. _Army Administration._--The existing systems of command and
Chapter 67 59. _Branches of Administration._--In these circumstances the only
Chapter 68 60. Prior to the Norman Conquest the armed force of England was
Chapter 69 61. It is difficult to summarize the history of the army between the
Chapter 70 62. The first years of the Great Rebellion (q.v.) showed primarily the
Chapter 71 63. James II., an experienced soldier and sailor, was more obstinate
Chapter 72 64. Under William the army was considerably augmented. The old regiments
Chapter 73 65. Before passing to the great French Revolutionary wars, from which a
Chapter 74 66. The first efforts of the army in the long war with France did not
Chapter 75 67. The period which elapsed between Waterloo and the Crimean War is
Chapter 76 68. The Indian Mutiny of 1857, followed by the transference of the
Chapter 77 69. The period of reform commences therefore with 1870, and is connected
Chapter 78 70. Historically, the Indian army grew up in three distinct divisions,
Chapter 79 71. _Madras._--The first armed force in the Madras presidency was the
Chapter 80 72. _Bombay._--The island of Bombay formed part of the marriage
Chapter 81 73. _Consolidation of the Army._--In 1796 a general reorganization
Chapter 82 74. _The Army before the Mutiny._--The officering and recruiting of
Chapter 83 75. _The Reorganization._--By the autumn of 1858 the mutiny was
Chapter 84 76. _The Modern Army._--The college at Addiscombe was closed in 1860,
Chapter 85 77. In the earliest European settlements in Canada, the necessity of
Chapter 86 78. The _Landsknecht_ infantry constituted the mainstay of the imperial
Chapter 87 79. The Austrians, during the short peace which preceded the war of
Chapter 88 80. The Austrian system has conserved much of the peculiar tone of the
Chapter 89 81. The French army (see for further details FRANCE: _Law and
Chapter 90 82. The artillery had been an industrial concern rather than an arm of
Chapter 91 83. The last half of the 17th century is a brilliant period in the
Chapter 92 84. If Louis was the creator of the royal army, Carnot was so of the
Chapter 93 85. One of the first acts of the Restoration was to abolish the
Chapter 94 86. At the outbreak of the Franco-German War (q.v.) the French field
Chapter 95 87. The German army, strictly speaking, dates only from 1871, or at
Chapter 96 88. The bitter humiliation and suffering endured under the French yoke
Chapter 97 89. The _Saxon Army_ formerly played a prominent part in all the wars of
Chapter 98 90. The _Bavarian Army_ has perhaps the most continuous record of good
Chapter 99 91. _Wurttemberg_ furnishes one army corps (XIII.; headquarters,
Chapter 100 92. The old _Hanoverian Army_ disappeared, of course, with the
Chapter 101 93. The old conscription law of the kingdom of Sardinia is the basis of
Chapter 102 94. The history of the Russian army begins with the abolition of the
Chapter 103 95. The feudal sovereignties of medieval Spain differed but little, in
Chapter 104 96. With the Italian wars of the early 16th century came the
Chapter 105 97. The military history of Spain from 1650 to 1700 is full of
Chapter 106 98. The writers who have left the most complete and trustworthy
Chapter 107 99. The regular army of the United States has always been small. From
Chapter 108 100. _Dutch and Belgian Armies._--The military power of the "United
Chapter 109 101. _Swiss Army._--The inhabitants of Switzerland were always a hardy
Chapter 110 102. The _Swedish Army_ can look back with pride to the days of
Chapter 111 103. The existing Army of _Portugal_ dates from the Peninsular War,
Chapter 112 104. The _Rumanian, Bulgarian_ and _Servian_ armies are the youngest
Chapter 113 1804. Arnault died at Goderville on the 16th of September 1834.
Chapter 114 1848. In 1861 he became a member of the Lower Austrian diet and in 1869
Chapter 115 1785. After being educated at a convent school in Fritzlar, she lived
Chapter 116 1822. When it is said that he was the son of the famous Dr Arnold of
Chapter 117 1827. In June 1828 he received priest's orders; in April end November of
Chapter 118 4. Spike of fruits. Showing in succession (from below) female flowers,
Chapter 119 3000. It lies in a pleasant undulating country at an elevation of 900
Chapter 120 introduction of European spirits and methods of manufacture is gradually
Chapter 121 500. This was soon transferred to Cambrai, but brought back to its
Chapter 122 1. Warrants are ordinarily granted by justices of the peace on
Chapter 123 2. The officers who may arrest without warrant are,--justices of the
Chapter 124 3. A private person is bound to arrest for a felony committed in his
Chapter 125 4. The arrest by hue and cry is where officers and private persons are
Chapter 126 1826. They are under the direction of maritime prefects, who, by a
Chapter 127 1. Daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, first wife of Ptolemy II.
Chapter 128 2. Daughter of Ptolemy I. Soter and Berenice. Born about 316 B.C., she
Chapter 129 3. Daughter of Ptolemy III. Euergetes, sister and wife of Ptolemy IV.
Chapter 130 4. Youngest daughter of Ptolemy XIII. Auletes, and sister of the famous
Chapter 131 819. The streets of the town were widened and improved in 1869.
Chapter 132 1. Brother of Darius I., and, according to Herodotus, the trusted
Chapter 133 2. Vizier of Xerxes (Ctesias, _Pers_. 20), whom he murdered in 465 B.C.
Chapter 134 3. A satrap of Bactria, who revolted against Artaxerxes I., but was
Chapter 135 4. ARTABANUS I., successor of his nephew Phraates II. about 127 B.C.,
Chapter 136 5. ARTABANUS II. c. A.D. 10-40, son of an Arsacid princess (Tac. _Ann_.
Chapter 137 18. 9). In A.D. 35 he tried anew to conquer Armenia, and to establish
Chapter 138 6. ARTABANUS III. reigned a short time in A.D. 80 (on a coin of this
Chapter 139 7. ARTABANUS IV., the last Parthian king, younger son of Vologaeses IV.,
Chapter 140 1. ARTAXERXES I., surnamed _Macrocheir, Longimanus_, "Longhand," because
Chapter 141 2. ARTAXERXES II., surnamed _Mnemon_, the eldest son of Darius II., whom
Chapter 142 3. ARTAXERXES III. is the title adopted by Ochus, the son of Artaxerxes
Chapter 143 1876. Since 1905 the Art Collections Fund, a society of private
Chapter 144 part ii. of Lankester's _Treatise on Zoology_).
Chapter 145 5. Lankester, "Observations and Reflections on the Appendages and
Chapter 146 1622. Of the numerous later editions, the best is that of Achille le
Chapter 147 1. _Early Artillery._--Mechanical appliances for throwing projectiles
Chapter 148 2. _The Beginnings of Field Artillery._--It is clear, from such evidence
Chapter 149 3. _The 16th Century._--In the Italian wars waged by Charles VIII.,
Chapter 150 4. _The Thirty Years' War._--Such, in its broadest outlines, is the
Chapter 151 5. _Personnel and Classification._--More than 300 years after the first
Chapter 152 6. _The English Civil War._--Even in the English Civil War (Great
Chapter 153 7. _Artillery Progress, 1660-1740._--Cromwell's practice of relegating
Chapter 154 8. _Artillery in the Wars of Frederick the Great._--By the time of
Chapter 155 9. _Gribeauval's Reforms._--At the commencement of the 18th century,
Chapter 156 10. _British Artillery, 1793-1815._--Meanwhile the numbers of the
Chapter 157 11. _French Revolutionary Wars._--During the long wars of the French
Chapter 158 12. _Napoleon's Artillery Tactics._--During the war the French artillery
Chapter 159 13. _Artillery, 1815-1865._--Henceforward, therefore, the history of
Chapter 160 14. _The Franco-German War, 1870-71._--In the next great war, that of
Chapter 161 15. _Results of the War._--The tactical lessons of the war, so far as
Chapter 162 16. _Quick-firing Field Guns._--In 1891, a work by General Wille of the
Chapter 163 17. _Time Shrapnel._--The power of modern artillery owes even more to
Chapter 164 18. _Heavy Field, Siege and Garrison Artillery._--Amongst other results
Chapter 165 19. _Field Artillery Organization._--A _battery_ of field artillery
Chapter 166 introduction of the quick-firing gun, the tendency towards small
Chapter 167 20. _Ammunition._--The vehicles of a battery include (besides guns and
Chapter 168 21. _Interior Economy._--The organization and interior economy of a
Chapter 169 22. _Special Natures of Field Artillery._--_Horse Artillery_ differs
Chapter 170 23. _Heavy Ordnance._--_Heavy Field Artillery_, officially defined as
Chapter 171 24. _Higher Organization of Artillery._--The higher units, in almost
Chapter 172 25. _Grouping of the Artillery._--The "corps artillery" (formerly the
Chapter 173 26. _General Characteristics of Field Artillery Action._--The duty of
Chapter 174 27. _Occupation of a Position._--This depends primarily upon
Chapter 175 introduction of the shield. A great advantage of retired positions is
Chapter 176 introduction of the shield. The disadvantage of extra weight and
Chapter 177 28. _Laying._--"Elevation" may be defined as the vertical inclination of
Chapter 178 29. _Ranging_[4] (except on the French system alluded to below) is,
Chapter 179 30. An example of the ordinary method of ranging, adapted from _Field
Chapter 180 31. _Observation of Fire_, on the accuracy of which depends the success
Chapter 181 32. _Fire._--Field Artillery ranges are classed in the British service
Chapter 182 33. _Projectiles Employed._--"Time shrapnel," say the German Field
Chapter 183 34. _Tactics of Field Artillery._--On the march, the position and
Chapter 184 35. Field artillery in _defence_, which would presumably be inferior to
Chapter 185 36. _Marches._--The importance of having the artillery well up at the
Chapter 186 37. _Power and Mobility._--It will have been made clear that every gun
Chapter 187 38. _Concentration and Dispersion._--The use of their artillery made by
Chapter 188 39. _Horse Artillery_ is to be regarded as field artillery of great
Chapter 189 40. _Field Howitzers_ are somewhat less mobile than field guns; they
Chapter 190 41. _Heavy Field Artillery_, alternatively called _Artillery of
Chapter 191 1. As regards the teeth, we have the passage of a simply tubercular, or
Chapter 192 2. As regards the limbs. Reduction of the ulna from a complete and
Chapter 193 3. Change of form of the odontoid process of the second or axis
Chapter 194 4. Development of horns or antlers on the frontal bones, and gradual
Chapter 195 5. By inference only, increasing complication of stomach with ruminating
Chapter 196 1907. In every direction there has been a tendency to increase prices
Chapter 197 1884. The Artists' Society, formed in 1830, has for its object the

Chapter 99: 91. _Wurttemberg_ furnishes one army corps (XIII.; headquarters,

Stuttgart), organized, clothed and equipped in all respects like the Prussian army. Like the Bavarians, the Wurttembergers fought against the Prussians in 1866, but in 1870 made common cause with them against the French, and by the convention entered into the following year placed their army permanently under the command of the Prussian king as emperor. The emperor nominates to the highest commands, but the king of Wurttemberg retains the nomination and appointment of officers in the lower grades.

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